Relative and non-finite clauses

A. INTRODUCTION
1. Defining relative clause.
"Defining relative clause" is the central to meaning of the sentence and cannot be removed. It is an essential clause to provide information about a person/thing, it is NOT separated by a comma.
Ex: There is an adorable Emperor who leads the kingdom.

2. Non-defining relative clause.
It provides extra information and is separated from the main clause by commas.
Ex: Rabbit Kingdom, leading by an adorable Emperor, is the promising land.

B. DETAILS
1. Which and that.
They can be used in defining clauses. Which is more formal.
> Rabbit Kingdom is a promising land which citizens love contributing.
Which is also used in a non-defining clause.
“That” cannot be used after a preposition.
> It is reigned in other dimensions on which/where Rabbit Kingdom have been established since 2023.

2. Who and Whom
Who is often replaced by that in everyday use in defining clauses.
> The noble who/that owns that land is the Baroness Brown Bear.
Whom is the object form of who, and is used formally in object clauses.
> The Emperor is the person whom Viscount Panda escorts to the seasonal festival.
However, who or that are used in everyday speech instead of whom.
> The Emperor is the person (who/that) Viscount Panda escorts to the seasonal festival.
Whom can be used after a preposition, that this is often avoided in everyday use by putting the preposition at the end of the clause.
> The myriad of citizens were asked to detail the individuals with whom they had traded goods yesterday. (Formal)
> The myriad of citizens were asked to list all the people they had traded yesterday. (Less formal)

3. Whose
It is the possessive form of who, and is used in both defining and non-defining clauses. It can apply to both people and to things.
> The Duke Elephant has been looking for the one whose innovation for the encasement system is outstanding.

4. Prepositions and relative pronouns
In everyday use we often put the preposition at the end of the clause to avoid over-formality.
> The Royal palace, for which nobles conform with courtesy, is a sumptuous place.
> The Royal palace, which nobles conform with courtesy, is a sumptuous place.
> Baroness Scorpio, from whose charity for poor farmers, is a lenient person.
> Baroness Scorpio, whose charity for poor farmers, is a lenient person.
We do not split phrasal verb this way
> The room, which the Emperor get up daily, was decorated by the Baron Pseudapocryptes Elongatus (Fish).
> NOT. The room, up which the Emperor get daily, was decorated by the Baron Pseudapocryptes Elongatus (Fish).

5. When/ Where/ Why/ How
In defining clauses
> It is the stadium where myriad of citizens participates in physical activities.
In non-defining clauses
> Baroness Brown Bear often get up at 10 a.m, when other nobles are working.
We often use why after reason.
> Miss Carrot cannot think of a reason why her carrot fields are annihilated.
“The way that” can be used instead of how.
> Miss Carrot didn’t understand the way that cultivation worked.

6. Leaving out the relative pronoun
In defining object clauses, it is possible to leave out the relative pronoun.
This parcel is the goods (which / that) Miss Hippo ordered
In a non-defining clause, it is not possible to leave out the relative pronoun.
> This sword, which I forged, is a masterpiece.

7. Reduced relative clauses
In defining clauses we can leave out the relative pronoun and part of the verb phrase to leave a participle acting as an adjective defining the noun.
> Duke Elephant is the first person in Rabbit King (who was) granted as a noble.
> The Emperor commanded Viscount Panda (who was) waiting outside to protect the kingdom.
We also use reduced relative clauses in non-defining clauses, usually in descriptive writing.
> Baroness Scorpio, (who was) described as a pulchritudinous young lady, supports poor children.
Note: Descriptive writing is to describe a person, place or thing in such a way that a picture is formed in the reader's mind.

8. Anyone who etc, those who etc.
We can use relative clauses after anyone, something etc, and after this/that/these/those.
> The Duke Elephant wondered if he had seen anyone who looked like this.
Reduced clauses are also possible with a participle acting as an adjective
> Miss Aubergine was worrying for those (who had been) gone for transactions.

9. Sentence relative: Which
We can use which to relate a non-defining clause to the main clause, and act as a comment upon it.
> The princess accepted the political marriage, which was amazing.
We can use other phrases in the same way: at which time / point, by which time, in which case.
> Citizens are encouraged to participate in activities, in which case get higher competence in English.
> The Rabbit Kingdom has many festivals, at which time are celebrated by everyone.

10. What, whatever, whoever, whichever
“What” can be used as a relative pronoun meaning the thing or things which.
>Miss Hippo doesn’t understand what happened.
We can use a what-clause as a subject for emphasis.
> What the Emperor wants is to develop the kingdom.
Whatever and Whoever meaning “anything / anymore at all” can be used in the same way.
> Viscount Panda supports whatever the Emperor does.
> The royal announcement stated that citizens are allowed to bring whoever they like to the festival.
Whichever can be used instead of whatever when there are more than 2 items to choose from.
> There are many rooms in the palace, the Baron Fish is allowed to choose whichever he wishes to stay for one night.

11. All of, most of, some of, none of etc
These can combine with “which” and “whom”
> The Emperor has accumulated an abundance of royal treasures, one of which is over 2 decades years old.